| AAI | Acute Alveolar Injury |
| ARDS | Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
| PCR | polymerase chain reaction |
| SARS | severe acute respiratory syndrome |
| MERS | Middle East Respiratory Syndrome |
| SARS-CoV | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus |
| SARS-CoV-2 | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus-2 |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| COVID-19 | Coronavirus Disease of 2019 |
| SSRNA | single-stranded ribonucleic acid |
| ACE2 | angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| CSSE | Center for Systems Science and Engineering |
| CAD | coronary artery disease |
| DM | diabetes mellitus |
| URTI | upper respiratory tract infection |
| CT | computed tomography |
| AKI | acute kidney injury |
| TMPRSS2 | Transmembrane protease, serine 2 |
| mRNA | messenger ribonucleic acid |
| RER | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| RDRNA | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase |
| nSRNA | negative-sense ribonucleic acid |
| NSA | non-state actors |
| MNO | multinational organization |
| UN | United Nations |
| EU | European Union |
| OECD | Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| KSA | Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
| GCC | Gulf Cooperation Council |
| UAE | United Arab Emirates |
| SEF | Shia Expeditionary Force |
| USA | United States of America |
| UK | the United Kingdom |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
| MSM | Mainstream Media |
| GAI | Generative Artificial Intelligence |
| HDI | Human Development Index |
| DoD | Department of Defense |
| psyOps | psychological operations |
| USG | United States Government |
| USA | United States of America |
| OSI | Office of Strategic Influence |
| OGC | Office of Global Communications |
| FPA | Freedom Promotion Act |
| MB | Muslim Brotherhood |
| CNO | Computer Network Operations |
| CIA | Central Intelligence Agency |
| OWI | Office of War Information |
| OSS | Office of Strategic Services |
| SDM | Spiral Dynamics Model |
| PCI | Persuade, Change, and Influence |
| IDF | Israeli Defense Forces |
| IOT | Information Operation Troop |
| GRU | Special Forces Division of the Military Intelligence Agency |
| IfT | Information Troop |
| IfW | Information Warrior |
| DfW | Disinformation Warrior |
| MfW | Misinformation Warrior |
| SCJ | Strategic Citizen Journalism |
| ISIS | Islamic State in Iraq and Syria/al-Sham |
| AKIMP | Al-Kataib Institute for Media Productions |
| AKFMP | Al-Kataib Foundation for Media Productions |
| ASIMP | Al-Sahab Institute for Media Productions |
